The Key Concepts Of Economics - 1364 Words

The Key Concepts in Economics Kristen E. Singleton Dr. Bernadette West Principles of Economics 2/25/2016 The Key Concepts in Economics 1 The U.S economy has shown many signs of positive growth and development since last five years. As we know that U.S was suffering from recession in 2007-08, thereafter the economy went almost into a slump. The broadest measure of economic growth – GDP growth rate also fell at a very lowest point by 1% and came down to around 2.9% last year. It was the largest drop ever measured in the economic growth since World War II. If we compare the current economic statistics like interest rate, inflation and unemployment rates with the figures from five years ago, we will be able to measure the main changes that happened within these five years. It has been found that the Fed interest rate was around 0% to 0.25% in 2010 which remains almost same in 2015 as well. It is the rate which banks charge with one another for one day. It has been decided by the market, that is, supply and demand of money in the market. The basic reason for not changing the interest rate is that the economy ne eds a maximum level of spending to boost the aggregate demand. If there is a hike in the interest rates, then the spending would be reduced leading to a drop in the overall GDP of the economy (BLS, CPI, 2015). Other key statistics is the inflation rate which represents the rise in the general price level in theShow MoreRelatedThe Key Concepts in Economics851 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 1: The Key Concepts in Economics Markisha Dill William Creamer Principle Of Economics May 31, 2015 Before sitting down to complete this assignment, I thought thoroughly about economics as a whole. My interest was whether economics was considered an exact since, i.e. Mathematics. Economics has been described as a science, numerous times. So in my search to find out whether economics was a science, I looked at an online dictionary to see how these words were defined. First I lookedRead MoreEconomics And The Real World He Has Achieved An Impressive Understanding Of The Key Economic Models And Concepts1424 Words   |  6 Pages11 sace haysman AA A Lachie has proved an enthusiastic student of Economics with an active interest in Economics and the real world He has achieved an impressive understanding of the key economic models and concepts. In class he has been attentive and his contributions to class discussion have been thoughtful and perceptive. Lachie’s summative assessment work has been admirable, with his topic test being particularly notable. His diligentand mature approach has meant that he handled the challengesRead MoreEssay on Book Review: Common Sense Economics1161 Words   |  5 PagesSense Economics The book, Common Sense Economics written by James D. Gwartney, Ricahrd L.Stroup, Dwight R. Lee, and Tawni Ferrarini, gives a simple insight for reader into the inner workings economics in a common sense terms. The main point of the book is that to have economic success comes from low interference from the government, the motivation of individuals, and competitive markets. In the beginning of the book, the authors of the book started to breakdown this message of economics by explainingRead MoreThe Growth Of Retail And Hospitality Industries Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the social sciences of production and consumption the concepts of macroeconomics and microeconomics help to analyse the broadness of our vast economic system. This research essay will critically review an article published in The Australian â€Å"Retail spending rose 0.3pc in January, less than expected†. The author of the article, Dow Jones compares the forecasted growth of retail and hospitality industries. Aspects of consumer sovereignty and market demand explain trends in the post-holiday periodRead MoreThe Keynesian School Of Economic Thought1151 Words   |  5 Pages1) List three key concepts from the Keynesian School of economic thought: (25 points) At least one concept must describe the management of aggregate demand. a. The primary concept of the Keynesian School of economic thought revolved around the management of aggregate demand. The author of this idea, John Maynard Keynes, believed the economy was fundamentally unable to sustain itself at full employment. One of his proposed solutions to this was for the government to intervene to increase aggregateRead MoreNotes On Common Sense Economics1441 Words   |  6 PagesSense Economics, is designed for those who are taking beginning steps to understand the basics of economics. It also provides actual concrete changes that could be made in the economy. This novel gives insight to the bigger picture that involves political rules and policies that go along with that. The context of the book aims to explain why nations prosper depending on people’s understanding of necessary economic arrangements. There are ten elements of economics, seven sources of economic progressRead MorePersonal Statement On Business And Public Relations853 Words   |à ‚  4 Pagesrelated field in business, which means I am required to take 12 credit hours in business courses. I have already taken four business courses and I am currently in my fifth. My first two business courses were Introduction to Business and Principles of Economics. These courses introduced me to business and showed me how to work in a business setting. The next couple classes I took were Principles of Accounting and Principles of Accounting II. In these classes we learned how to analyze a company’s economyRead MoreEssay about Just Culture1079 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Just Culture: Theories and Concept to Implement a Change Nurse 600 Just Culture: Theories and Concept to Implement a Change To modify healthcare policies in a facility to a Just Culture environment, one must learned what â€Å"Just Culture† entails. By using economic, organizational change, and systems science theories and/or concepts a Just Culture program will be implemented into a facility by a leadership team. Just Culture Mistakes and errors caused by medical providers happenRead MoreTo What Extent Was There a ‘Post War Consensus’ in British Politics from 1951 to 1964?913 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishments which arguably meant that, despite the long run of Conservative dominance in the years following Atlee’s departure, both society and politics would remain in the Labour mould; Conservative party members proved far less hostile to the concept of a Welfare State due to its popular success, and they were well aware that to revoke the NHS would be to put their popularity on the line, particularly so as their majority in the House of commons was only of a small proportion. Despite this, itRead MoreThe Social Nature Of Humanity1248 Words   |  5 Pagescontinuously socialize, with the aim of achieving a desired goal or purpose objective. Accordingly, the socialization of human beings is within not only their family settings but also publicly regarding organizational contexts, market areas, and economic output. Towards further enhancing the general nature of human interaction, a variety of institutions are critical towards understanding why, and how human beings can effectively engage in continuous socialization. The paper will discuss the ways

The Benefits of Dramatic Play in Cognitive and Creative...

The earliest years of life are some of the most important in a persons life. Childhood is a time of physical, mental, emotional, and social development. There are many factors that help contribute to these developments such as a nutritious diet, nurturing, emotional support, and physical activity, especially play. Playing is a very important part of childhood and can be beneficial to the development of the child and is the focus of my discussion. First, I will describe the four different types of play; second, I will argue the beneficial effects of dramatic play on cognitive and creative skills by presenting the significant findings of two correlation studies as well as their limitations. Scientists have observed and analyzed†¦show more content†¦The second kind of play is constructive play and it refers to making something from objects; this is typical for children between the ages of three and six (Fromberg, 2006). Examples of constructive play include: drawing with crayons, playing with building blocks, molding something out of clay, etc. Constructive play can be further categorized: it will be helpful however, to distinguish between several types of products in constructive play: the pattern, the object, the system, and the sequence (Fromberg, 2006). For example, a child who is playing with blocks or coloring with crayons might create patterns in their work, and for older children this is important to observe because they translate their play with patterns into the notations of mathematics, music and computer language (Fromberg, 2006). Fromberg (2006) makes further observations based on Forman and Hill (1984): a child who is engaged in constructive p lay just to play has a much different experience than a child creating something with a goal in mind. It is possible to play constructively without having a finish product in mind, or to play in order to achieve the end-goal. Here we can clearly see that Smilansky’s categories can be distinguished further than she originally proposed. Dramatic play takes imagination and it is what Smilansky (1968) described as role-playing and engaging in make-believe or pretendShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Dramatic Play On Children983 Words   |  4 PagesDramatic play gives children many opportunities to grow and learn. Children will learn communication skills, physical skills and children will also be able to use imagination and be able to be creative with their own ideas. Dramatic play can give children so many opportunities to grow without them even knowing. Dramatic play will help children gain communication skills just by talking with the other children. In order for the children to play together they must listen to one another and be ableRead MoreChildhood Education : Developmentally Appropriate Practices885 Words   |  4 Pageschildren love to play. On the surface, play may seem like an activity children should engage in when they are not learning. However research indicates great benefits of play. Those of us involved in early childhood education should be mindful to keep up with current research on developmentally appropriate practices, like play. Play supports children’s development in the important domains of physical, aesthetic, cognitive, social, emotional, and language development. Dr. Stone presents play as an â€Å"intrinsicallyRead MoreBenefits of Art Education1235 Words   |  5 PagesSteps to Art Early Childhood Arts Education Initiative Fact Sheet About the Benefits of Arts Education for Children Benefits of Arts Education Source: Americans for the Arts, 2002 * Stimulates and develops the imagination and critical thinking, and refines cognitive and creative skills. * Has a tremendous impact on the developmental growth of every child and has proven to help level the learning field across socio-economic boundaries. * Strengthens problem-solving and critical-thinkingRead MorePlay Based Learning : A Context For Learning1615 Words   |  7 PagesPlay-based learning has been defined as â€Å"a context for learning through which children organise and make sense of their social world as they engage actively with people, objects and representations† (DEEWR, 2009). Playing is one of the most important parts of a child’s development phase. The characteristics of play include active where children use their bodies and minds in their play, communicative where children will share knowledge of their play with others, enjoyable where they will be able toRead MoreMy Mission At Woodley Road Pre School1310 Words   |  6 Pageslead by a supportive and caring administrator and staff. We offer students an opportunity to learn and develop in a creative environment. Our vision is to help support learning to each individual child we come in contact with. The Creative Curriculum for Preschool: Five Components form a frame work that is applied in each of the classroom interest areas and outdoors. The Creative Curriculum operates from five fundamental Principles Elements †¢ Positive interaction and relationships with adultsRead MoreClassroom Curriculum And Schools Provide Greater Opportunities For Children3219 Words   |  13 Pages Play is fundamental to healthy cognitive, intellectual, emotional and social development. It is so important to optimal child development that play has been recognized by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights as a right of every child. However, with today’s hurried and pressured lifestyles children may not be receiving the full benefits of play. With declining opportunities for children to experience free play, it is imperative that classroom curriculum and schools provide greaterRead MoreThe Importance Of Discovering The Talent For Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper focuses on the importance of discovering the talent each child has and ways to nurture the talent or creative the creative side. Art, music and dance are some common forms of creativity; however creative thought appears in almost all aspects of life. This research paper is written on how important creativity is and why is should be nurtured. I also included information on how creativity is valuable in the classroom, at home and also how it’s beneficial in the child’s futureRead MoreThe Creative Curriculum Program Is An Effective Learning Style981 Words   |  4 PagesThe Creative Curriculum program is an effective learning style that assists preschool children ranging from ages 3 to 5 years old. Founded by a former preschool teacher, Diane Trister Dodge, this early childhood education program with a comprehensive curriculum is structured to be directed by the teacher, but initiated by the children. The philosophy of the Creative Curriculum is to allow the ch ildren to learn at their best efforts in an environment that is safe and open for exploration. Child centersRead MoreThe Centrality Of Play For A Child s Social Development1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe centrality of Play for a child’s social development Play is so important in a child’s development that the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights has recognized it as a right of every child (Parents Magazine, 2015). Play is also important in social development as highlighted in my poster for parents, this rationale of my poster will discuss the key theories, processes and messages that are presented when looking at how play affects social development. Many theorists including VygotskyRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Children s Learning1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthe aspects of the cognitive developmental philosophy, Piaget’s framework, which is grounded within all realms of development in early childhood. The cognitive based philosophy highlights a program that encourages students to build knowledge in an atmosphere molded around active exploration. This approach captures learning with enriching materials, filled with opportunities to engage with other classmates through socialization, play, and most importantly commun ication. The cognitive based philosophy

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 10 Wheels Free Essays

â€Å"Yeah,† said the red-haired girl, in the garden of the deserted casino. â€Å"We seen her, me and Paolo both seen her. She come through here days ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 10 Wheels or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Father Gomez said, â€Å"And do you remember what she looked like?† â€Å"She look hot,† said the little boy. â€Å"Sweaty in the face, all right.† â€Å"How old did she seem to be?† â€Å"About†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said the girl, considering, â€Å"I suppose maybe forty or fifty. We didn’t see her close. She could be thirty, maybe. But she was hot, like Paolo said, and she was carrying a big rucksack, much bigger than yours, this big†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paolo whispered something to her, screwing up his eyes to look at the priest as he did so. The sun was bright in his face. â€Å"Yeah,† said the girl impatiently, â€Å"I know. The Specters,† she said to Father Gomez, â€Å"she wasn’ afraid of the Specters at all. She just walked through the city and never worried a bit. I ain’ never seen a grownup do that before, all right. She looked like she didn’ know about them, even. Same as you,† she added, looking at him with a challenge in her eyes. â€Å"There’s a lot I don’t know,† said Father Gomez mildly. The little boy plucked at her sleeve and whispered again. â€Å"Paolo says,† she told the priest, â€Å"he thinks you’re going to get the knife back.† Father Gomez felt his skin bristle. He remembered the testimony of Fra Pavel in the inquiry at the Consistorial Court: this must be the knife he meant. â€Å"If I can,† he said, â€Å"I shall. The knife comes from here, does it?† â€Å"From the Torre degli Angeli,† said the girl, pointing at the square stone tower over the red-brown rooftops. It shimmered in the midday glare. â€Å"And the boy who stole it, he kill our brother, Tullio. The Specters got him, all right. You want to kill that boy, that’s okay. And the girl – she was a liar, she was as bad as him.† â€Å"There was a girl, too?† said the priest, trying not to seem too interested. â€Å"Lying filth,† spat the red-haired child. â€Å"We nearly killed them both, but then there came some women, flying women – â€Å" â€Å"Witches,† said Paolo. â€Å"Witches, and we couldn’ fight them. They took them away, the girl and boy. We don’ know where they went. But the woman, she came later. We thought maybe she got some kind of knife, to keep the Specters away, all right. And maybe you have, too,† she added, lifting her chin to stare at him boldly. â€Å"I have no knife,† said Father Gomez. â€Å"But I have a sacred task. Maybe that is protecting me against these – Specters.† â€Å"Yeah,† said the girl, â€Å"maybe. Anyway, you want her, she went south, toward the mountains. We don’ know where. But you ask anyone, they know if she go past, because there ain’ no one like her in Ci’gazze, not before and not now. She be easy to find.† â€Å"Thank you, Angelica,† said the priest. â€Å"Bless you, my children.† He shouldered his pack, left the garden, and set off through the hot, silent streets, satisfied. After three days in the company of the wheeled creatures, Mary Malone knew rather more about them, and they knew a great deal about her. That first morning they carried her for an hour or so along the basalt highway to a settlement by a river, and the journey was uncomfortable; she had nothing to hold on to, and the creature’s back was hard. They sped along at a pace that frightened her, but the thunder of their wheels on the hard road and the beat of their scudding feet made her exhilarated enough to ignore the discomfort. And in the course of the ride she became more aware of the creatures’ physiology. Like the grazers’ skeletons, theirs had a diamond-shaped frame, with a limb at each of the corners. Sometime in the distant past, a line of ancestral creatures must have developed this structure and found it worked, just as generations of long-ago crawling things in Mary’s world had developed the central spine. The basalt highway led gradually downward, and after a while the slope increased, so the creatures could freewheel. They tucked their side legs up and steered by leaning to one side or the other, and hurtled along at a speed Mary found terrifying – though she had to admit that the creature she was riding never gave her the slightest feeling of danger. If only she’d had something to hold on to, she would have enjoyed it. At the foot of the mile-long slope, there was a stand of the great trees, and nearby a river meandered on the level grassy ground. Some way off, Mary saw a gleam that looked like a wider expanse of water, but she didn’t spend long looking at that, because the creatures were making for a settlement on the riverbank, and she was burning with curiosity to see it. There were twenty or thirty huts, roughly grouped in a circle, made of – she had to shade her eyes against the sun to see – wooden beams covered with a kind of wattle-and-daub mixture on the walls and thatch on the roofs. Other wheeled creatures were working: some repairing a roof, others hauling a net out of the river, others bringing brushwood for a fire. So they had language, and they had fire, and they had society. And about then she found an adjustment being made in her mind, as the word creatures became the word people. These beings weren’t human, but they were people, she told herself; it’s not them, they’re us. They were quite close now, and seeing what was coming, some of the villagers looked up and called to each other to look. The party from the road slowed to a halt, and Mary clambered stiffly down, knowing that she would ache later on. â€Å"Thank you,† she said to her, her what? Her steed? Her cycle? Both ideas were absurdly wrong for the bright-eyed amiability that stood beside her. She settled for – friend. He raised his trunk and imitated her words: â€Å"Anku,† he said, and again they laughed, in high spirits. She took her rucksack from the other creature (â€Å"Anku! Anku!†) and walked with them off the basalt and on to the hard-packed earth of the village. And then her absorption truly began. In the next few days she learned so much that she felt like a child again, bewildered by school. What was more, the wheeled people seemed to be just as wonderstruck by her. Her hands, to begin with. They couldn’t get enough of them: their delicate trunks felt over every joint, searching out thumbs, knuckles, and fingernails, flexing them gently, and they watched with amazement as she picked up her rucksack, conveyed food to her mouth, scratched, combed her hair, washed. In return, they let her feel their trunks. They were infinitely flexible, and about as long as her arm, thicker where they joined the head, and quite powerful enough to crush her skull, she guessed. The two finger-like projections at the tip were capable of enormous force and great gentleness; the creatures seemed to be able to vary the tone of their skin on the underside, on their equivalent of fingertips, from a soft velvet to a solidity like wood. As a result, they could use them for both a delicate task lik e milking a grazer and the rough business of tearing and shaping branches. Little by little, Mary realized that their trunks were playing a part in communication, too. A movement of the trunk would modify the meaning of a sound, so the word that sounded like â€Å"chuh† meant water when it was accompanied by a sweep of the trunk from left to right, rain when the trunk curled up at the tip, sadness when it curled under, and young shoots of grass when it made a quick flick to the left. As soon as she saw this, Mary imitated it, moving her arm as best she could in the same way, and when the creatures realized that she was beginning to talk to them, their delight was radiant. Once they had begun to talk (mostly in the wheeled people’s language, although she managed to teach them a few words of English: they could say â€Å"anku† and â€Å"grass† and â€Å"tree† and â€Å"sky† and â€Å"river,† and pronounce her name, with a little difficulty) they progressed much more quickly. Their word for themselves as a people was mulefa, but an individual was a zalif. Mary thought there was a difference between the sounds for he-zalif and she-zalif, but it was too subtle for her to imitate easily. She began to write it all down and compile a dictionary. But before she let herself become truly absorbed, she took out her battered paperback and the yarrow stalks, and asked the I Ching: Should I be here doing this, or should I go on somewhere else and keep searching? The reply came: Keeping still, so that restlessness dissolves; then, beyond the tumult, one can perceive the great laws. It went on: As a mountain keeps still within itself, thus a wise man does not permit his will to stray beyond his situation. That could hardly be clearer. She folded the stalks away and closed the book, and then realized that she’d drawn a circle of watching creatures around her. One said, Question? Permission? Curious. She said, Please. Look. Very delicately their trunks moved, sorting through the stalks in the same counting movement she’d been making, or turning the pages of the book. One thing they were astonished by was the doubleness of her hands: by the fact that she could both hold the book and turn the pages at the same time. They loved to watch her lace her fingers together, or play the childhood game of â€Å"This is the church, and this is the steeple,† or make that over-and-over thumb-to-opposite forefinger movement that was what Ama was using, at exactly the same moment in Lyra’s world, as a charm to keep evil spirits away. Once they had examined the yarrow stalks and the book, they folded the cloth over them carefully and put them with the book into her rucksack. She was happy and reassured by the message from ancient China, because it meant that what she wanted most to do was exactly, at that moment, what she should do. So she set herself to learning more about the mulefa, with a cheerful heart. She learned that there were two sexes, and that they lived monogamously in couples. Their offspring had long childhoods – ten years at least – growing very slowly, as far as she could interpret their explanation. There were five young ones in this settlement, one almost grown and the others somewhere in between, and being smaller than the adults, they could not manage the seedpod wheels. The children had to move as the grazers did, with all four feet on the ground, but for all their energy and adventurousness (skipping up to Mary and shying away, trying to clamber up tree trunks, floundering in the shallow water, and so on), they seemed clumsy, as if they were in the wrong element. The speed and power and grace of the adults was startling by contrast, and Mary saw how much a growing youngster must long for the day when the wheels would fit. She watched the oldest child, one day, go quietly to the storehouse where a number of seedpods were kept, and try to fit his forecl aw into the central hole; but when he tried to stand up, he fell over at once, trapping himself, and the sound attracted an adult. The child struggled to get free, squeaking with anxiety, and Mary couldn’t help laughing at the sight, at the indignant parent and the guilty child, who pulled himself out at the last minute and scampered away. The seedpod wheels were clearly of the utmost importance, and soon Mary began to see just how valuable they were. The mulefa spent much of their time, to begin with, in maintaining their wheels. By deftly lifting and twisting the claw, they could slip it out of the hole, and then they used their trunks to examine the wheel all over, cleaning the rim, checking for cracks. The claw was formidably strong: a spur of horn or bone at right angles to the leg, and slightly curved so that the highest part, in the middle, bore the weight as it rested on the inside of the hole. Mary watched one day as a zalif examined the hole in her front wheel, touching here and there, lifting her trunk up in the air and back again, as if sampling the scent. Mary remembered the oil she’d found on her fingers when she had examined the first seedpod. With the zalif ‘s permission she looked at her claw, and found the surface more smooth and slick than anything she’d felt on her world. Her fingers simply would not stay on the surface. The whole of the claw seemed impregnated with the faintly fragrant oil, and after she had seen a number of the villagers sampling, testing, checking the state of their wheels and their claws, she began to wonder which had come first: wheel or claw? Rider or tree? Although of course there was a third element as well, and that was geology. Creatures could only use wheels on a world that provided them with natural highways. There must be some feature of the mineral content of these stone roads that made them run in ribbon-like lines over the vast savanna, and be so resistant to weathering or cracking. Little by little, Mary came to see the way everything was linked together, and all of it, seemingly, managed by the mulefa. They knew the location of every herd of grazers, every stand of wheel trees, every clump of sweet grass, and they knew every individual within the herds, and every separate tree, and they discussed their well-being and their fate. On one occasion she saw the mulefa cull a herd of grazers, selecting some individuals and herding them away from the rest, to dispatch them by breaking their necks with a wrench of a powerful trunk. Nothing was wasted. Holding flakes of razor-sharp stone in their trunks, the mulefa skinned and gutted the animals within minutes, and then began a skillful butchery, separating out the offal and the tender meat and the tougher joints, trimming the fat, removing the horns and the hooves, and working so efficiently that Mary watched with the pleasure she felt at seeing anything done well. Soon strips of meat were hanging to dry in the sun, and others were packed in salt and wrapped in leaves; the skins were scraped clear of fat, which was set by for later use, and then laid to soak in pits of water filled with oak bark to tan; and the oldest child was playing with a set of horns, pretending to be a grazer, making the other children laugh. That evening there was fresh meat to eat, and Mary feasted well. In a similar way the mulefa knew where the best fish were to be had, and exactly when and where to lay their nets. Looking for something she could do, Mary went to the net-makers and offered to help. When she saw how they worked, not on their own but two by two, working their trunks together to tie a knot, she realized why they’d been so astonished by her hands, because of course she could tie knots on her own. At first she felt that this gave her an advantage – she needed no one else – and then she realized how it cut her off from others. Perhaps all human beings were like that. And from that time on, she used one hand to knot the fibers, sharing the task with a female zalif who had become her particular friend, fingers and trunk moving in and out together. But of all the living things the wheeled people managed, it was the seedpod trees that they took most care with. There were half a dozen groves within the area looked after by this group. There were others farther away, but they were the responsibility of other groups. Each day a party went out to check on the well-being of the mighty trees, and to harvest any fallen seedpods. It was clear what the mulefa gained; but how did the trees benefit from this interchange? One day she saw. As she was riding along with the group, suddenly there was a loud crack, and everyone came to a halt, surrounding one individual whose wheel had split. Every group carried a spare or two with it, so the zalif with the broken wheel was soon remounted; but the broken wheel itself was carefully wrapped in a cloth and taken back to the settlement. There they prized it open and took out all the seeds – flat pale ovals as big as Mary’s little fingernail – and examined each one carefully. They explained that the seedpods needed the constant pounding they got on the hard roads if they were to crack at all, and also that the seeds were difficult to germinate. Without the mulefa ‘s attention, the trees would all die. Each species depended on the other, and furthermore, it was the oil that made it possible. It was hard to understand, but they seemed to be saying that the oil was the center of their thinking and feeling; that young ones didn’t have the wisdom of their elders because they couldn’t use the wheels, and thus could absorb no oil through their claws. And that was when Mary began to see the connection between the mulefa and the question that had occupied the past few years of her life. But before she could examine it any further (and conversations with the mulefa were long and complex, because they loved qualifying and explaining and illustrating their arguments with dozens of examples, as if they had forgotten nothing and everything they had ever known was available immediately for reference), the settlement was attacked. Mary was the first to see the attackers coming, though she didn’t know what they were. It happened in midafternoon, when she was helping repair the roof of a hut. The mulefa only built one story high, because they were not climbers; but Mary was happy to clamber above the ground, and she could lay thatch and knot it in place with her two hands, once they had shown her the technique, much more quickly than they could. So she was braced against the rafters of a house, catching the bundles of reeds thrown up to her, and enjoying the cool breeze from the water that was tempering the heat of the sun, when her eye was caught by a flash of white. It came from that distant glitter she thought was the sea. She shaded her eyes and saw one – two – more, a fleet of tall white sails, emerging out of the heat haze, some way off but making with a silent grace for the river mouth. Mary! called the zalif from below. What are you seeing? She didn’t know the word for sail, or boat, so she said tall, white, many. At once the zalif gave a call of alarm, and everyone in earshot stopped work and sped to the center of the settlement, calling the young ones. Within a minute all the mulefa were ready to flee. Atal, her friend, called: Mary! Mary! Come! Tualapi! Tualapi! It had all happened so quickly that Mary had hardly moved. The white sails by this time had already entered the river, easily making headway against the current. Mary was impressed by the discipline of the sailors: they tacked so swiftly, the sails moving together like a flock of starlings, all changing direction simultaneously. And they were so beautiful, those snow white slender sails, bending and dipping and filling – There were forty of them, at least, and they were coming upriver much more swiftly than she’d thought. But she saw no crew on board, and then she realized that they weren’t boats at all: they were gigantic birds, and the sails were their wings, one fore and one aft, held upright and flexed and trimmed by the power of their own muscles. There was no time to stop and study them, because they had already reached the bank, and were climbing out. They had necks like swans, and beaks as long as her forearm. Their wings were twice as tall as she was, and – she glanced back, frightened now, over her shoulder as she fled – they had powerful legs: no wonder they had moved so fast on the water. She ran hard after the mulefa, who were calling her name as they streamed out of the settlement and onto the highway. She reached them just in time: her friend Atal was waiting, and as Mary scrambled on her back, Atal beat the road with her feet, speeding away up the slope after her companions. The birds, who couldn’t move as fast on land, soon gave up the chase and turned back to the settlement. They tore open the food stores, snarling and growling and tossing their great cruel beaks high as they swallowed the dried meat and all the preserved fruit and grain. Everything edible was gone in under a minute. And then the tualapi found the wheel store, and tried to smash open the great seedpods, but that was beyond them. Mary felt her friends tense with alarm all around her as they watched from the crest of the low hill and saw pod after pod hurled to the ground, kicked, rasped by the claws on the mighty legs, but of course no harm came to them from that. What worried the mulefa was that several of them were pushed and shoved and nudged toward the water, where they floated heavily downstream toward the sea. Then the great snow-white birds set about demolishing everything they could see with brutal, raking blows of their feet and stabbing, smashing, shaking, tearing movements of their beaks. The mulefa around her were murmuring, almost crooning with sorrow. I help, Mary said. We make again. But the foul creatures hadn’t finished yet; holding their beautiful wings high, they squatted among the devastation and voided their bowels. The smell drifted up the slope with the breeze; heaps and pools of green-black-brown-white dung lay among the broken beams, the scattered thatch. Then, their clumsy movement on land giving them a swaggering strut, the birds went back to the water and sailed away downstream toward the sea. Only when the last white wing had vanished in the afternoon haze did the mulefa ride down the highway again. They were full of sorrow and anger, but mainly they were powerfully anxious about the seedpod store. Out of the fifteen pods that had been there, only two were left. The rest had been pushed into the water and lost. But there was a sandbank in the next bend of the river, and Mary thought she could spot a wheel that was caught there; so to the mulefa ‘s surprise and alarm, she took off her clothes, wound a length of cord around her waist, and swam across to it. On the sandbank she found not one but five of the precious wheels, and passing the cord through their softening centers, she swam heavily back, pulling them behind her. The mulefa were full of gratitude. They never entered the water themselves, and only fished from the bank, taking care to keep their feet and wheels dry. Mary felt she had done something useful for them at last. Later that night, after a scanty meal of sweet roots, they told her why they had been so anxious about the wheels. There had once been a time when the seedpods were plentiful, and when the world was rich and full of life, and the mulefa lived with their trees in perpetual joy. But something bad had happened many years ago – some virtue had gone out of the world – because despite every effort and all the love and attention the mulefa could give them, the wheel-pod trees were dying. How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 10 Wheels, Essay examples

Psychoanalytical Theory Connecting Little Red Riding Hood English Literature Essay free essay sample

Even though there are abundant ways of prosecuting in accepting literature, psychoanalytic reading attempts to happen a significance even beyond what is seen in the text. By mistrusting the actuality of intrinsic and hidden motivations, it provides a broad scope of conceptual and inventive possibilities. Freud s theories were tremendously influential, but capable to considerable unfavorable judgment both now and during his ain life ( Cherry ) . His psychoanalytical theories are still used today in analysing literature. When the psychoanalytical theory of personality is being applied in Charles Perraults, Small Red Riding Hood, it proposes grounds nearing sexual motives. It absolutely integrates with Sigmund Freud s psychic setup which contain the three indispensable subdivisions of the mental processes which are the Idaho, self-importance and superego. Sigmund Freud developed the preparation of the psychoanalytical thought behind his rule theory that all human behaviour is motivated by gender. Throughout Perrault s, Small Red Riding Hood, there were assorted sums of sexual associations throughout the narrative. Even the lesson of the narrative suggests being cautious against glib and unsafe animals, that like to dispossess artlessness from immature misss. Similarly, the wolf does more than merely devour the Little Red Riding Hoods grandma, but instead, he instantly fell upon the good adult females and ate her up in a minute ( Perrault ) . Furthermore, before eating Small Red Riding Hood, he invites her to come in the bed with him. At that point, the immature miss took off her apparels and got into bed. She was greatly amazed to see how her grandma looked in her nightwears ( Perrault ) . After she exhaustively examines and remarks on the bodily characteristics of the wolf, he so threw himself upon Little Red Riding Hood ( Perrault ) and ate her excessively. With Small Red Riding Hood sing seduction from the wolf, Little Red Riding Hood by no agencies showed any motor via flight or contending back. She is an know nothing and possibly on the other manus she wanted to be misled. Furthe rmore, Perrault besides makes usage of another illustration: Put the bars and the small pot of butter on the bin and ascent into bed with me ( Perrault ) . The immature miss does non differ plus she felt obligated to follow the wolf s wants, which shows her gender and desire for the wolf. In add-on to these inside informations Little Red Riding Hood is switched from being fleeceable, reasonably immature miss, which was persuaded towards disobeying her female parent s premonition and enjoys life in her ain small fantasy universe. These clear mentions in the text are cogent evidence of grounds that support Freud s theories on the psychoanalytical attack. In the beginning of Small Red Riding Hood, Little Red Riding Hood adventures off and while she is jumping transporting the dainties where so, she met with a wolf, who had a really great head to eat her up ( Perrault ) and continues to hold a sociable conversation with the wolf. This was Small Red Riding Hoods foremost error. Being immature and unmindful of the manner the universe plant and she thought it was okay to speak to a wolf that was really sly. Since the small miss is immature and highly vulnerable, since Little Red Riding Hood is showed as being friendly and somewhat nescient she did nt believe anything was incorrect with speaking to the wolf that confronted her in the forests. The wolf asks Little Red, Small Red, merely where does your grandma live? ( Grimm ) She responded, A good one-fourth of a conference farther on in the wood ; her house stands under the three big oak-trees, the nut-trees are merely below ; you certainly must cognize it ( Grimm ) . She was nt be lieving exhaustively of what could come of her explicating where the wolf could happen Small Red Riding Hoods grandma. Due to Little Red Riding Hoods ignorance of what could perchance go on due to her irresponsible pick of spill the beansing about your grandma s whereabouts with a unsafe and mindless wolf. When right using the psychoanalytical attack to this narrative, it is appropriate to turn out the interactions of the human head. The construct of the unconscious head can animate human behaviour because it is indispensable to the probe of Perraults, Small Red Riding Hood. Cherry expresses the idea that, Sigmund Freud believed that there were three psychic zones of mental procedures: Idaho, self-importance and superego ( The Id, Ego and Superego ) . In Small Red Riding Hood, Little Red Riding Hoods seniors, grandma and female parent represent the superego in the narrative. They both raise Small Red Riding Hood by assisting to protect and command her motivations and desires. On the other manus, the wolf symbolizes the Idaho. Missing both the logic and regulation of action, he merely functions merely to make full satisfaction. The wolf is at mistake because he gave into his ain uncontrolled desires. When the wolf foremost catches sight of the immature miss he, wanted to eat her up, but he dared non, because of some woodcutters working nearby in the wood ( Perrault ) . The wolf refrained himself from his ain desires because he did nt desire to be killed by the woodcutters that were nearby. Finally, giving into his juicy impulses, he arrived at the grandma s house foremost and devoured her. Once the wolf ate the grandma he could nt halt himself in giving into his ain enticements. The wolf was non being smart one time he gave into his enticements because at that point he was merely believing with his tummy. Cherry explains that, The Idaho is driven by the pleasance rule, which strives for immediate satisfaction of all desires, wants, and demands. If these demands are non satisfied instantly, the consequence is a province anxiousness or tenseness ( The Id, Ego and Superego ) . The wolf relied on his aggression and finding to obtain what he wanted as his concluding consequence. On the other manus Little Red Riding Hood served as the in-between adult male between self-denial and arrant confusion. Small Red Riding Hood symbolizes the self-importance which attempts to be the equilibrium between both the Idaho and superego. At the beginning of the narrative, Little Red Riding Hood is characterized as being the, prettiest animal who was of all time seen ( Perrault ) . With her female parent so adoring of her, she subsequently enters into the forests where she con fronts the Idaho. At this point, she disobeys her female parent s instructions, and evolves to being a hapless kid. The lesson of the narrative, is that these immature adult females possibly good brought up, but they still turn unwise and nescient when they do talk to aliens. Bing considered as the pretty animal, it was Small Red Riding Hoods ain mistake for tilting excessively far into the senseless Idaho. Furthermore, Sigmund Freud suggests that this battle of the psychic setup of the three mental procedures of the psychoanalytical theory of personality can merely reason to the decease of Little Red Riding Hood, which necessarily besides turned out to be the destiny of her grandma. Small Red Riding Hood becomes highly happy when she gets to see her ill grandma and attempt and cheer her up. Small Red Riding Hood being nescient and is incognizant that her grandma is really the crafty wolf. If she asks her grandma all these inquiries about her bodily characteristics and if she saw something unnatural so she could hold realized that there was something genuinely incorrect with the manner her grandma had looked. She presently had no logical thinking in this state of affairs. The sly wolf, who s merely end is to consume any type of flesh, tricks the immature miss. The wolf and the immature small miss are both imbeciles in this state of affairs. The wolf could care less about anything else, except his lone motive which is to acquire Small Red Riding Hood into bed. Put the bar and the butter down on the breadbox and semen and lie down with me ( Perrault ) . The wolf merely wanted to merely fulfill his resistless demands. The wolf does nt cognize right from incorrect, he merely reacts to his animalistic desires. The wolf is a animal who is seeking to exercise himself for his full satisfaction of his wants and demands. The lesson of the narrative cautiousnesss that the wolf in the narrative is traveling to seek and take advantage of any nescient or vulnerable animals. Peoples are capable of confering into their ain enticements, but they need to cognize what is right from incorrect. The psychoanalytic attack is used for analyzing literature ; it consequences in being wholly fascinating. Sexual motivations are clearly seen throughout the narrative, therefore corroborating the complexness beyond what is seen in the text. Maybe it is unnatural than merely analysing literature. However, this scrutiny remains both idea of being out of the norm and intriguing.

William Blake - Compare Infant Joy and Infant Sorrow free essay sample

Blake’s â€Å"Infant Joy† and â€Å"Infant Sorrow† are poems about life. They show the growth in relationship between a child and his/her parents from different perspectives. Even by the names of each poem, we can anticipate that they will have subject matter, regarding a child, but stark contrasts in style and structure. To begin with, I can say that â€Å"Infant Joy† has a very simple structure and style, emphasizing on the theme of happiness and freedom, while â€Å"Infant Sorrow† has a more complex and dissonant style, using language, which reflects the opposite theme of struggle and discomfort. However, I feel that the main theme of both the poems is individualism. It is interesting how both of Blake’s poems are talking about the same event – the infancy phase of journey called life, but both the poems describe it in their own personal style. This is what I mean by individualism. We will write a custom essay sample on William Blake Compare Infant Joy and Infant Sorrow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I think that it is the unique and intriguing way these poems depict the same event but present contrasting ideas. I like these poems, as the delivery of their message is so powerful that, it makes you think and wonder which is correct. I feel like the theme of freedom is presented in Infant Joy in the beginning lines of the poem, when the child picks his own name – Joy. However in infant sorrow, the child is describes as being â€Å"helpless† and â€Å"striving against my swaddling bands†. The very image this description creates makes us see the child â€Å"bound and weary† which enhances the sinster mood in the poem. The harsh language in â€Å"Infant sorrow† is incongruent with that in â€Å"Infant Joy†. The monosyllabic words and frequent use of repetition create a very childlike and innocent atmosphere, â€Å"Pretty joy! r Sweet Joy but two days old. † However, in â€Å"Infant Sorrow†, Blake has made use of rhyming couplets much more often, but in this case they do not help to ease the tension created in the poem. This is a good example of individualism. It is clearly seen how the structure of these individual poems help build towards the theme of each poe m – which is the same, with different point of view. A major difference in the two poems, which affects the poet’s style reflected in the two poems, is the narration. Infant Joy† contains dialogue that seems like the mother is imagining the child talking, and imagining what the child would say. The simple words suggest how the mother feels about her child – simple and sweet. â€Å"Infant Sorrow† on the other hand is presented from the child’s point of view. The words are more complex and polysyllabic, implying the child’s feelings of insecurity in the â€Å"dangerous world† outside. Thoughts like â€Å"My mother groan’d, my father wept† showed the mixed emotions the child was having as to being born in this world. There is little action seen in â€Å"Infant Joy†. However, â€Å"Infant Sorrow† has actions and also generates a feeling of struggle through its use of harsh adjectives such as â€Å"struggling† and â€Å"leapt†. Blake creates this seen when he shows the child wailing and striving against the mother reaching for it. However, in â€Å"Infant Joy†, the child is calm and placid resting in its mothers arms. Also, â€Å"Infant Joy† is portrayed in bright, vibrant colors with a simple outline of flowers in the background. Even though majorly contrasting in views, the two poems do have a connection. The image of a smiling face of the mother and characteristics of the baby in â€Å"Infant Joy† bears resemblance to that in â€Å"Infant Sorrow†. In conclusion, â€Å"Infant Joy† and â€Å"Infant Sorrow† have been constructed in a way to depict individualism, i. e. they both show or represent two contrasting thoughts through different people (mother and the child). The first, as the name implies, is about innocence and joys of childhood. The latter, however, deals with negativism, pain and suffering and the â€Å"dangers of the world†.

The Distraction of Prepositional Phrases in Noun-Verb Agreement

The Distraction of Prepositional Phrases in Noun-Verb Agreement The Distraction of Prepositional Phrases in Noun-Verb Agreement The Distraction of Prepositional Phrases in Noun-Verb Agreement By Mark Nichol The question of whether to use the singular or plural form of a verb in a sentence can be complicated by the distracting presence of a prepositional phrase- one that includes a preposition such as of, in, or to followed by a noun directly or after one or more an intervening verbs and/or adjectives. But as the following examples demonstrate, such a phrase should (with a key exception) be disregarded when identifying which noun the sentence’s key verb should agree with. 1. The rapid and almost ubiquitous deployment of smartphone technologies across the globe has/have put sophisticated technology in the hands of consumers. The multiplicity of nouns preceding has- deployment, technologies, globe- can throw a writer off, but the noun in a prepositional phrase (such as in â€Å"of smartphone technologies† or â€Å"across the globe†) is irrelevant, so the first in series of nouns in this sentence (â€Å"deployment . . . has†) is the pertinent one: â€Å"The rapid and almost ubiquitous deployment of smartphone technologies across the globe has put sophisticated technology in the hands of consumers.† 2. There is/are, however, a set of technologies and innovations that have already reached a point where they are robust enough to have real-world applicability. This sentence also features a distracting prepositional phrase, but it follows the key verb, rather than preceding it, as the one in the preceding example does, so the writer may not recognize the applicability of the previously mentioned rule; the pairing is â€Å"is . . . a set,† not â€Å"are . . . technologies and innovations†: â€Å"There is, however, a set of technologies and innovations that have already reached a point where they are robust enough to have real-world applicability. (Notice, however, that the subsequent verbs have and are apply to â€Å"technologies and innovations† rather than set, so they are correct in plural form.) 3. A number of factors have led to the increasing use of technology in relation to regulatory compliance. Note, however, an exception to the rule about the irrelevance of prepositional phrases in noun-verb agreement- when the prepositional phrase follows the phrase â€Å"a number†; in that case, the more substantial noun in the prepositional phrase, rather than the vague word number, is pertinent: â€Å"A number of factors have led to the increasing use of technology in relation to regulatory compliance.† You can test the exception by realizing that â€Å"a number of† can be replaced with the adjective many; the correct form of the verb following â€Å"many factors† is obvious. (This post provides a more detailed discussion of the issue.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals10 Techniques for More Precise WritingDouble Possessive

A bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

A bureaucracy - Essay Example Specialty is the first characteristic of bureaucracy as outlined by Max Weber. Each employee has official jurisdictional and reinforced areas of work as shown by Office Space in the company Initech. Each clerk has a specialized job description, though some are ranked higher than others, making Weber’s hierarchy of offices the second characteristic of bureaucracy. Lumbergh in the movie was seen as Initech’s head. Weber’s theory would put him at the top of the pyramid. Bureaucracy according to Weber had several different levels of management but very few leaders in a pyramid fashion. With Lumbergh at the top, Peter Gibbons was right below him and was followed downwards by Michael Bolton, Samir and Milton. His position at the bottom of the pyramid meant that Milton had no authority over any employee. Due to this pyramid management, employees hold grudges against higher ranked employees. Lumbergh was particularly menial for his leadership role. Bureaucracy should be regular and follow given rules and regulations. Workers at Initech were even instructed on the type of stapler to use and were required to regularly fill out TPS reports. They were expected to dress nicely except on Hawaiian shirt day, as well as regulate their radio usage, get to work on time and park on designated spots. As Weber puts it, Initech used rules and regulations to thrive and operate in a completely predictable fashion. Weber argues that bureaucracy seeks the ultimate technical competence beyond following rules and regulations. Bob and Bob were hired by Initech to evaluate the technical qualification and specialization of its workers thus needed to evaluate the effectiveness all employees. Bureaucracy is not interested in the employee as a person but rather the employee’s technical competence. Impersonality is confirmed in a bureaucracy’s work area as Weber deduced. Lumbergh was not

PPE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PPE - Essay Example It was observed that manual management of chart analysis slows down the physician and health information team’s productivity, negatively affecting the billing process, which in turn affects the revenue cycle of the institution. Chart deficiencies may be in form of incomplete chart components, missing signatures, and in some cases, entire charts may be missing. Physicians can deal with chart deficiencies from any location of the Health Information System (Garber, Gross, & Slonim, 2010). The clinic achieved this using Chart Deficiency Tracker, which made it easy for the physicians to identify any chart deficiencies and monitor these (Garber, Gross, & Slonim, 2010). This tracker also enabled the supervisors to assign tasks related to chart deficiencies to specific physicians. Through this tracking system information was easily disseminated to physicians and the clinic’s staff. Patient charts were also completed more efficiently and in compliance with the recommended timeli nes and standards. The clinic had discovered that relying on documentation in paper form to code charts delayed the receipt of and sending of information to and from coders causing delays in the billing of patients and further limiting the staff’s productivity (Garber, Gross, & Slonim, 2010). Garber, Gross, & Slonim (2010) explained that when it comes to the disposal of health information, it is important that clinics and health providers apply caution to safeguard the privacy of health information. The clinic applied measures to avoid disclosure of patient information in disposal of charts and medical documents. For example, charts were shredded and later burnt in the clinic’s incinerator. Data on electronic media was cleared using software that overwrites it with data that was not sensitive. The health and information management personnel are in charge of ensuring that medical charts are completed in timely manner to protect the clinic from legal suits and to improve the process and

Drake Circus Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Drake Circus - Article Example It is managed by Donaldsons LLP which runs over 250 shopping centres throughout Europe (www.drakecircus.com/background). The original Drake Circus shopping centre was a two level centre with open malls constructed in the early 1970s. Initial proposals to redevelop it in the early 1990s failed, but the developers, P&O Estates, tried again in the early part of the 21st century. Plans were drawn up for a much larger centre and having signed up Allders as the first anchor tenant in 2001 and Marks & Spencer in early 2004, work started on demolishing the old centre and the adjoining Charles Cross car park in February 2004. The new building, designed by Chapman Taylor Partnership, has provoked a mixed reception (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Circus). The scheme suffered a setback in January 2005 when Allders went into administration, but other tenants, including Zara, Boots the Chemist, Virgin Megastore and H&M continued to commit to the scheme. New anchor tenants to replace Allders were found in summer 2005 in the guise of Next and Primark. The new development was topped out in June 2005 and the scheme opened, 90% let, on 5 October 2006 (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Circus). The new car park has five levels, with the first two levels larger than the upper three. It will have dedicated entry and exit ramps which will keep queue times to a minimum. There will be wider spaces, more headroom and much better levels of lighting. Interior finishes will be painted white with good direction signage for both cars and pedestrians. The car park will be well lit, with high levels of visibility for drivers and those on foot and clear signage that will comply with the 'secure by design' standard promoted by the police authority (www.drakecircus.com/background). The whole of Drake Circus shopping centre has been designed, wherever possible in line with the latest disability access regulations, will be wheel-chair friendly with ample provision of lifts, ramps and specially designated parking spaces for blue badge holders. Enhanced facilities for the ambulant disabled will also be provided (www.drakecircus.com/background). The scheme incorporates facilities for the loan of wheelchairs and powered scooters. Car Parking: Drake Circus is a "Pay on Foot" car park - so no more worrying about your time running out and having to dash back to your car! Simply take your ticket when you arrive and keep it with you while you shop. When you're ready to leave simply pay by cash or card at one of the pay stations, located on each car park levels before you return to your car. Technological impact in shopping centre sales: Advances in Information Technology are constantly

Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Eruption

Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Eruption Mustafa Ameen Nevado Del Ruiz volcano Introduction: The volcano is a phenomena that occurs at several kilometers depth of the huge plates that form the Earths surface, causing a hole in the crust through which the expulsion of molten lava and ash, and gases. Volcanic activity usually produces a cone-shaped Obinna picturesque periodically erupts in a violent way, and some can be very explosive eruptions, such as the volcano Nevado del Ruiz. Nevado del Ruiz volcano has erupted 23 times during the past two million years. Geologic Location: Nevado Del Ruiz is located on the border between the provinces of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, part of the Andes mountain range, overshadowed the town of Armero, part of Los Nevados National Park natural, 129 km west of the capital Bogota. Its Longitude is 4.9Â °N / -75.32Â °W. Nevado del Ruiz falsehoods within the Ring of Fire, in the region of active volcanoes that encircle the Pacific Ocean, as shown in Figure (2). It is the third in the far north region of Andean volcanic belt which contains 75 of the 204 Holocene age volcanoes in southern America. It is worth mentioning that the production of this volcanic belt is under the continental plate of South America by eastward subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate as shown in figure (1). Figure (1) how tectonic plate movement and subduction has created this volcano Figure (2) Nevado del Ruiz volcano location on the map Type of Volcano: Nevado Del Ruiz is a composite volcano, that also known as a stratovolcano or a composite cones, this volcano have gentle lower slopes, but get very sheer near the summit, which give this volcano the cone like shape. So that Composite cones are created by a mixture of explosive activity and lava flows. Nevado Del Ruiz has an overall andesitic and dacitic structure that made of layers (strata) of hardened lava, volcanic ash and tephra. Nevado Del Ruiz also has a layered appearance with alternating pyroclastic, lava, mad and debris flows, and also this volcano is created by an oceanic to continental convergent boundary. The structure layer of this volcano is given in Figure (3). Figure (3) The structure layers of Nevado del Ruiz Eruption Style: Nevado del Ruiz is a stratovolcano forms at convergent plate margins, and its steep slopes of the summit and a small hole is amazing. Is an explosive, and usually generates Plinian explosion and has been active for the two million years ago. It is well known as composite cones for the emergence of a cone shape and several layers of lava alternating with stiffness volcanic ash and other lava rocks. Stratovolcanoes form in convergent plate margins, and its steep slopes of the summit and classifications are surprisingly small. The eastward subduction of the oceanic Nazaca plate beneath the South America continental plat is produced the Andean volcanic belt. It results in the production of dacitic lava, as well as volcanic andesitic rocks. These lava flows and lava cancel everything in its path, and travel for miles. Output is a lot of debris and ash from the volcano also erupts when. Landslides are one of the most lethal consequences of this during the eruption. As hot lava flowing on the undersides of the volcanic crater it causes a quick melting of snow and ice, which generates a very large floods that sweeping nearby valleys. As a result of mixing these floods with waste and debris floods and soil, increasing the density and volume to form very hot lahars with a thickness of approximately 50 meters and is moving at 50 km per hour. When sweep populated areas lead to the downfall of thousands of deaths in addition to the mass destruction of these areas. Figure (1) A photo of the volcano Nevado del Ruiz Eruption history: The first eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz was in 6660 BC and most recently in 1985 in the Arenas Crater. The first explosion historically documented in 1570 while its biggest eruption occurred in 1595. In 1845, the volcano erupted as a result of a large earthquake and caused a considerable mudflow which ran down the valley of the nearby river (Lagunillas River) for approximately 70 km. Its spilled out in the river channel and killing much of the local people again. The most famous and most recent eruption occurred in 1985 which regarded as the worst volcanic disaster in the 21st century in South America, where they have caused the following casualties: Approximately 23,000 people were killed in Armero From the population of 28,700 Around 5,000 people were injured. About 5,000 homes were destroyed. The whole town was swamped with mud up to 40 meters thic. The mad was traveling at speeds of 50km/h in which it swept the town away. This eruption was the fourth largest single-eruption in death toll whole the history. The volcano activity is very limited since 1985 deadly explosion. The latest eruption occurred at 22 Feb 2012 and stopped at 10 April 2013 without any casualties. Table (1) gives summary of the eruption dates of this volcano. Table (1) Summary of eruption dates of Nevado del Ruiz [6]. Was it inevitable that so many people died/were injured? Could more have been done to save the people/ property? The eruption signs can be predicted for some time before the outbreak of the volcano. Weeks later scientists were monitored the volcano using seismographs. Several maps were provided over a month before the eruption to illustrate the danger zones of the volcano, which showed that Armero area is clearly at high risk. But unfortunately, some unusual facts recognized, which are: 1 – People werent taken these maps very seriously and werent circulated thoroughly accurately. 2 Many of the people in the city are unaware of these maps. 3 Many citizens in Armero were unable to read. Committed many quiet starts when a major eruption, because of reassuring messages that were sent by each of: 1 The mayor on the radio. 2 The local priest of the Church by addressing the audience. However, it is the Red Cross to evacuate the city. But after a brief period of time evacuation, ash stopped falling. Storm occurred and blocked the top of the volcano that made citizens unaware of what happens from the outbreak of lava. Authorities have warned that the eruption will be moderate with great danger for Armero with a very high probability of the mudflows. Unfortunately, government officials have refused this report and have declared their unwillingness to evacuate the population while making sure of its necessity. If government officials have taken the report warning seriously for the town could have been evacuated, then far fewer people would have been injured. How we can prevent such damage and death if this volcano erupts again? There are a lot of methods to protect towns and cities from lahars. In which these include: tunnels, alternate channels, and concrete structures. In which some have been succeed and others have not. The experiment provided that the best preventative measure is to build and establish a highly sensitive warning system. These warning systems include seismometers, which pick up the signal from the lahar as it moves to the bottom of the valley and rain gauges that accumulate water and warning when the formation of avalanches is possible. As it has been shown through the Nevado del Ruiz volcano warning systems are not sufficient. Also lines of communication and evacuation plans must also be established because the damage may not be avoidable but earlier warning thanks to better communications would empower people to be evacuated to higher ground. Conclusion Nevado del Ruiz is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. It is affected by several factors, namely, the composition of the magma core, the temperature, and the amount of dissolved gases it contains. It is believed that the atmosphere and the ocean evolved gases emitted by volcanic eruptions. Its eruptive period was begun 150 thousand years ago. These facts are enough reasons for igneous activity to warrant our attention. The government must take some procedure to protect its citizen for the next volcano eruption. References: http://nevadodelruiz.blogspot.se/ http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/09/13/unrest-at-nevado-del-ruiz-volcano-in-colombia/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/hazards/primer/lahar.html http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1784page=65 http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=351020#bgvn_3707 1

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1. What did you find most interesting in the introduction? Why? (pp. 1-4) ï‚ § Reading the introduction was a great experience. These discoveries can answer many of our current habitat and survival. From one point the reader can learn about human society 27,000 years ago, when humans started to migrate from East Africa to other parts of the world. Humans in the time were hunters and gathers relying on food. This method needed a simple and fast coordination amongst each group of humans that hunted and gathered. So families relied on a small portion of children to travel from one spot to another, without slowing down the group. Children were really important but a large number could not support families because of migration and survival. However, with the invention of agriculture children were off more importance to civilization. Children provided significant support to families that increasingly relied on growing their own food. As a reader I found this to be really interesting. Without agriculture our current society would not be as big as it is now, an d without children we as a species might have been extinct because of the lack of resources. It is interesting that agriculture can also improve population and support the very foundation of civilization. Without agriculture our society would not be here, and with that I would not be communicating or even typing this paper. 2. What is distinctive about the human race and differentiates them from those who preceded them? (pp. 5-6) ï‚ § â€Å"Human beings can manipulate object fairly readily because of the grip provided by an opposable thumb on each hand. Compared to other primates, human beings have a relatively high and regular sexual drive, which aids reproduction; being omnivores, they ... ..., patriarchal system, and Ã' ªatal Hà ¼yà ¼k. Paleolithic a) Paleolithic is referring to the Old Stone Age, when people made weapons and rough tools out of stone. (Stearns 6) Mesolithic b) Mesolithic is the Middle Stone Age the period between Paleolithic and the Neolithic time period. (Stearns 8) Neolithic revolution c) Neolithic revolution was the beginning of the agricultural revolution or the development of agriculture. (Stearns 11) Patriarchal system d) Patriarchal system was a term that agricultural societies used to emphasize the superiority of men over women.(Stearns 13) Catal Huyuk e) Catal Huyuk was a Neolithic town or first true cities that was located in southern Turkey and had a land mass of 32 acres. Characterized with fully developed agriculture, trade, temples, and mud-brick houses with windows, and mother figure goddess. (Stearns 15)